Plant Pathol J > Volume 32(4); 2016 > Article |
Treatment (concentration)* | Heavy metal concentrations in soil (mg kg−1 soil)† | |||
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As | Cd | Cu | Pb | |
MHMRC‡ | 15.0 | 4.0 | 125.0 | 300.0 |
0.0 | 4.36 ± 0.54 X | 0.00 ± 0.00 X | 76.64 ± 8.63 X | 16.97 ± 0.24 XY |
4−3 | 5.54 ± 0.40 X | 0.00 ± 0.00 X | 124.58 ± 25.75 Y | 15.19 ± 0.55 X |
4−2 | 5.41 ± 0.53 X | 0.00 ± 0.00 X | 110.69 ± 13.47 XY | 15.54 ± 0.42 XY |
4−1 | 9.92 ± 0.54 Y | 0.67 ± 0.17 Y | 119.06 ± 12.11 Y | 18.08 ± 0.67 Y |
40 | 25.53 ± 1.26 Z | 2.63 ± 0.12 Z | 143.74 ± 27.35 Y | 34.98 ± 2.57 Z |
DAA§ | 0.16 (1.6%) | 0.02 (1.9%) | 0.53 (4.9%) | 0.14 (1.3%) |
The same letters (X, Y, Z, etc.) in a column denote no significant difference at P ≤ 0.05 based on Duncan’s multiple range test.
* Dilutions of the maximum (40) concentrations of heavy metal species (3.2 mg l−1 for As, Cu, and Pb, and 0.32 mg l−1 for Cd) in irrigation waters nearby abandoned mine sites (Park and Kim, 1998).
‡ Maximum heavy metal residue contents of soil approved in Korea (MHMRC) (MOE, 2005).
Heavy metal treatment (mg l−1) | TNe | Trophic groups | cp values* | ||||||||
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Fu | Ba | OP | PP | cp-1 | cp-2 | cp-3 | cp-4 | cp-5 | |||
Before experiment | 41.7 ± 10.6b | 6.0 ± 4.4a | 22.3 ± 4.9b | 7.0 ± 3.6a | 6.3 ± 4.9b | 10.3 ± 3.8a | 14.0 ± 6.6a | 6.0 ± 4.4b | 6.0 ± 2.6a | 5.3 ± 2.5a | |
After experiment† | 757.8 ± 226.1a | 60.4 ± 48.7a | 431.6 ± 222.1a | 11.7 ± 4.3a | 254.2 ± 119.4a | 319.2 ± 236.6a | 161.8 ± 101.7a | 250.7 ± 119.7a | 16.2 ± 6.8a | 10.0 ± 5.3a | |
As | 0.0 | 891.4 ± 426.8ab‡ | 131.4 ± 112.0a | 449.0 ± 371.8a | 17.0 ± 15.7 a | 294.0 ± 146.6a | 270.0 ± 375.0a | 310.4 ± 240.8a | 274.0 ± 144.7a | 20.0 ± 18.4a | 17.0 ± 15.7a |
0.05 | 1,251.0 ± 374.0ab | 252.0 ± 156.7a | 511.0 ± 340.2a | 24.0 ± 15.2a | 464.0 ± 539.3a | 345.0 ± 363.3a | 395.0 ± 222.9a | 454.0 ± 537.6a | 35.0 ± 24.0a | 22.0 ± 12.0a | |
0.2 | 1,914.2 ± 1,235.6a | 212.8 ± 143.7a | 785.0 ± 702.2a | 19.6 ± 18.1a | 896.8 ± 861.2a | 623.0 ± 713.5a | 344.0 ± 208.3a | 899.6 ± 863.8a | 30.8 ± 23.5a | 16.8 ± 12.7a | |
0.8 | 784.0 ± 486.2b | 226.8 ± 170.1a | 355.6 ± 211.2a | 9.8 ± 15.3a | 191.8 ± 123.2a | 128.8 ± 47.6a | 441.0 ± 321.4a | 193.2 ± 125.0a | 11.2 ± 11.7a | 9.8 ± 15.3a | |
3.2 | 1,510.0 ± 751.3ab | 301.0 ± 221.2a | 483.0 ± 136.0a | 11.0 ± 8.9a | 715.0 ± 801.0a | 232.0 ± 103.7a | 535.0 ± 392.5a | 714.0 ± 798.5a | 19.0 ± 8.9a | 10.0 ± 10.0a | |
Cd | 0.0 | 1,005.6 ± 1,074.3b | 24.8 ± 14.8b | 714.4 ± 1,107.7a | 12.8 ± 9.1a | 253.6 ± 276.3b | 640.0 ± 1,116.1a | 83.2 ± 35.7c | 256.8 ± 273.2b | 15.2 ± 9.5a | 10.4 ± 9.2ab |
0.005 | 979.2 ± 705.2b | 48.8 ± 33.6b | 260.0 ± 313.5a | 11.2 ± 10.7a | 659.2 ± 798.1b | 195.2 ± 288.8a | 97.6 ± 35.4bc | 661.6 ± 792.5b | 16.8 ± 25.0a | 8.0 ± 7.5ab | |
0.02 | 5,680.0 ± 4,956.0a | 137.0 ± 79.2a | 545.0 ± 478.1a | 19.0 ± 11.9a | 4,979.0 ± 5,107.9a | 423.0 ± 498.6a | 230.0 ± 118.3a | 4,984.0 ± 16.7a | 29.0 ± 16.7a | 14.0 ± 10.2ab | |
0.08 | 602.0 ± 334.5b | 106.0 ± 58.1ab | 380.0 ± 337.9a | 8.0 ± 17.9a | 108.0 ± 38.3b | 266.0 ± 328.4a | 184.0 ± 70.9ab | 144.0 ± 50.8b | 38.0 ± 33.5a | 0.0 ± 0.0b | |
0.32 | 791.2 ± 386.8b | 73.6 ± 22.9ab | 418.0 ± 326.7a | 22.0 ± 24.1a | 277.6 ± 203.1b | 285.8 ± 319.1a | 170.6 ± 43.2abc | 289.4 ± 201.7b | 28.4 ± 22.0a | 17.0 ± 17.2a | |
Cu | 0.0 | 541.8 ± 431.5b | 51.8 ± 30.8a | 387.8 ± 373.9a | 9.8 ± 11.7a | 92.4 ± 62.3a | 296.8 ± 346.5a | 138.6 ± 104.6a | 91.0 ± 63.2a | 7.0 ± 9.9a | 8.4 ± 9.1a |
0.05 | 1,728.8 ± 1,222.1a | 106.6 ± 90.4a | 1,388.4 ± 1,390.6a | 4.2 ± 3.8a | 229.6 ± 273.2a | 1,258 ± 1,422.3a | 242.4 ± 157.3a | 224.0 ± 267.7a | 0.0 ± 0.0a | 4.2 ± 3.8a | |
0.2 | 614.6 ± 416.3b | 56.0 ± 49.7a | 317.8 ± 170.6a | 4.2 ± 9.4a | 236.6 ± 226.4a | 128.8 ± 79.0a | 238.0 ± 124.0a | 231.0 ± 221.5a | 12.6 ± 28.2a | 4.2 ± 9.4a | |
0.8 | 1,057.0 ± 1,089.5ab | 74.2 ± 39.2a | 705.6 ± 1,116.7a | 9.8 ± 18.3a | 267.4 ± 160.5a | 588.0 ± 1,072.4a | 180.6 ± 82.1a | 266.0 ± 164.5a | 12.6 ± 9.1a | 9.8 ± 18.3a | |
3.2 | 448.0 ± 136.8b | 39.2 ± 14.5a | 271.6 ± 100.9a | 1.4 ± 3.1a | 135.8 ± 90.7a | 154.0 ± 107.5a | 151.2 ± 27.4a | 135.8 ± 90.7a | 5.6 ± 5.9a | 1.4 ± 3.1a | |
Pb | 0.0 | 592.2 ± 445.5a | 33.6 ± 31.5ab | 175.0 ± 60.8ab | 7.0 ± 8.6ab | 376.6 ± 499.5a | 70.0 ± 39.3a | 114.8 ± 58.9a | 380.8 ± 501.1a | 22.4 ± 24.4ab | 4.2 ± 3.8a |
0.05 | 1,067.0 ± 910.9a | 49.0 ± 36.1ab | 538.0 ± 594.9a | 21.0 ± 13.9a | 459.0 ± 859.2a | 411.0 ± 579.0a | 128.0 ± 51.2a | 465.0 ± 855.9a | 46.0 ± 39.3a | 17.0 ± 14.4a | |
0.2 | 535.0 ± 353.9a | 16.0 ± 10.8b | 156.0 ± 75.4ab | 16.0 ± 14.7ab | 347.0 ± 403.6a | 81.0 ± 29.2a | 87.0 ± 55.9a | 344.0 ± 402.3a | 12.0 ± 5.7b | 11.0 ± 11.4a | |
0.8 | 825.0 ± 840.3a | 12.0 ± 14.0b | 121.0 ± 19.8b | 4.0 ± 8.9b | 688.0 ± 863.4a | 50.0 ± 19.7a | 82.0 ± 29.7a | 686.0 ± 865.1a | 3.0 ± 2.7b | 4.0 ± 8.9a | |
3.2 | 530.0 ± 97.0a | 70.0 ± 46.5a | 211.0 ± 159.7ab | 5.0 ± 5.0b | 244.0 ± 226.0a | 119.0 ± 90.0a | 153.0 ± 91.0a | 243.0 ± 226.5a | 11.0 ± 8.2b | 4.0 ± 4.2a |
Numbers are averages and standard deviations of three replications (for Before experiment), four replications (for After experiment) and five replications (for As, Cd, Cu and Pb).
Heavy metal treatment (mg l−1) | TNe | Trophic groups | cp values* | ||||||||
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Fu | Ba | OP | PP | cp-1 | cp-2 | cp-3 | cp-4 | cp-5 | |||
Before experiment | 11.67 ± 0.58a | 1.33 ± 1.15a | 5.00 ± 1.00a | 2.00 ± 0.00a | 2.67 ± 0.58a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 5.67 ± 1.15a | 2.33 ± 0.58a | 1.67±0.58a | 1.00±0.00a | |
After experiment† | 12.10 ± 2.52a | 2.40 ± 0.82a | 4.80 ± 1.49a | 1.10 ± 0.53b | 3.70 ± 0.70a | 1.15 ± 0.30a | 5.20 ± 1.95a | 3.40 ± 0.67a | 1.50±0.50a | 0.85±0.30a | |
As | 0.0 | 14.80 ± 3.56a‡ | 3.60 ± 0.55a | 6.20 ± 2.49ab | 0.60 ± 0.55a | 4.40 ± 1.52a | 1.60 ± 0.89a | 8.00 ± 2.00a | 3.00±1.22a | 1.60±0.55a | 0.60±0.55a |
0.05 | 16.20 ± 3.56a | 3.60 ± 0.89a | 7.60 ± 1.34a | 1.20 ± 0.45a | 3.80 ± 1.92a | 1.60 ± 0.55a | 7.60 ± 2.07ab | 3.80±1.92a | 2.20±0.45a | 1.00±0.00a | |
0.2 | 14.00 ± 3.39a | 3.20 ± 1.10a | 5.60 ± 1.52ab | 1.40 ± 1.52a | 3.80 ± 1.10a | 1.40 ± 0.55a | 5.80 ± 0.45b | 3.80±1.30a | 2.00±1.22a | 1.00±0.71a | |
0.8 | 12.40 ± 2.51a | 3.80 ± 0.45a | 4.80 ± 1.79b | 0.40 ± 0.55a | 3.40 ± 0.55a | 1.40 ± 0.55a | 5.80 ± 1.10b | 3.60±0.89a | 1.20±1.10a | 0.40±0.55a | |
3.2 | 16.20 ± 1.79a | 4.00 ± 0.00a | 6.20 ± 1.92ab | 1.40 ± 0.55a | 4.60 ± 1.14a | 1.60 ± 0.89a | 7.00 ± 1.00ab | 4.80±0.84a | 1.60±0.50a | 1.20±0.84a | |
Cd | 0.0 | 13.60 ± 4.04a | 2.00 ± 0.71b | 5.60 ± 2.61a | 1.80 ± 1.10a | 4.20 ± 1.30a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 5.00 ± 2.12a | 4.40±1.52a | 2.00±1.00a | 1.20±0.84a |
0.005 | 11.80 ± 5.54a | 2.80 ± 1.64ab | 4.60 ± 1.82a | 1.40 ± 1.67a | 3.00 ± 1.67a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 5.40 ± 1.34a | 3.20±2.17a | 1.40±1.95a | 0.80±0.84ab | |
0.02 | 14.60 ± 4.16a | 3.60 ± 0.55a | 5.80 ± 1.10a | 2.20 ± 1.30a | 3.00 ± 1.87a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 6.00 ± 1.22a | 3.40±1.95a | 3.00±1.41a | 1.20±0.45a | |
0.08 | 12.00 ± 3.08a | 2.60 ± 0.89ab | 5.40 ± 1.34a | 0.40 ± 0.89a | 3.60 ± 0.89a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 5.20 ± 0.84a | 4.00±1.41a | 1.80±1.48a | 0.00±0.00b | |
0.32 | 13.80 ± 2.05a | 3.20 ± 0.84ab | 6.00 ± 1.22a | 1.60 ± 1.52a | 3.00 ± 1.00a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 6.00 ± 0.71a | 3.60±1.14a | 2.00±1.22a | 1.20±0.84a | |
Cu | 0.0 | 9.40 ± 3.91a | 2.20 ± 1.48a | 2.80 ± 0.84a | 1.20 ± 1.30a | 3.20 ± 0.84a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 3.60 ± 1.95a | 3.00±0.71a | 0.80±1.30ab | 1.00±1.00a |
0.05 | 9.00 ± 2.12a | 1.80 ± 0.45a | 2.80 ± 1.30a | 0.60 ± 0.55a | 3.80 ± 1.30a | 1.20 ± 0.45a | 3.80 ± 1.79a | 3.40±1.14a | 0.00±0.00b | 0.60±0.55a | |
0.2 | 8.60 ± 3.78a | 1.80 ± 0.45a | 3.60 ± 2.51a | 0.20 ± 0.45a | 3.00 ± 1.00a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 4.00 ± 1.73a | 3.00±1.00a | 0.40±0.89ab | 0.20±0.45a | |
0.8 | 11.40 ± 2.88a | 2.40 ± 1.14a | 4.60 ± 1.34a | 0.60 ± 0.89a | 3.80 ± 0.84a | 1.20 ± 0.45a | 4.60 ± 1.52a | 3.60±0.55a | 1.40±0.89a | 0.60±0.89a | |
3.2 | 9.80 ± 3.90a | 2.20 ± 1.10a | 3.80 ± 2.17a | 0.20 ± 0.45a | 3.60 ± 1.34a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 4.20 ± 2.49a | 3.60±1.34a | 0.80±0.84ab | 0.20±0.45a | |
Pb | 0.0 | 10.60 ± 4.72ab | 1.80 ± 1.30a | 4.60 ± 1.67ab | 0.80 ± 0.84ab | 3.00 ± 1.41ab | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 4.20 ± 1.79a | 3.20±1.79a | 1.60±1.14ab | 0.60±0.55ab |
0.05 | 13.60 ± 3.36a | 2.20 ± 0.84a | 6.20 ± 1.30a | 2.00 ± 1.22a | 2.60 ± 1.14ab | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 5.60 ± 1.52a | 3.20±2.28a | 2.40±1.14a | 1.40±0.55a | |
0.2 | 11.60 ± 3.36ab | 1.80 ± 1.10a | 4.00 ± 1.41b | 1.40 ± 1.52ab | 4.00 ± 0.71a | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 4.60 ± 1.82a | 3.60±0.50a | 1.40±0.55ab | 1.00±1.00ab | |
0.8 | 8.20 ± 1.64b | 1.00 ± 1.22a | 4.20 ± 1.30b | 0.20 ± 0.45b | 2.60 ± 1.14ab | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 4.00 ± 1.41a | 2.40±1.14a | 0.60±0.55b | 0.20±0.45b | |
3.2 | 10.80 ± 3.11ab | 2.20 ± 1.10a | 4.40 ± 1.14ab | 1.00 ± 1.00ab | 2.40 ± 0.89b | 1.00 ± 0.00a | 5.40 ± 2.07a | 2.20±0.84a | 1.40±0.55ab | 0.80±0.84ab |
Numbers are averages and standard deviations of three replications (for Before experiment), four replications (for After experiment), five replications (for As, Cd, Cu and Pb).
Heavy metal treatment (mg l−1) | General maturity indices | Expanded maturity indices | ||||||
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MI | MI25 | ∑MI25 | PPI | EI | SI | CI | ||
Before treatment | 2.48 ± 0.29a | 3.15 ± 0.06a | 3.09 ± 0.02a | 2.90 ± 0.10a | 77.29 ± 10.30a | 81.76 ± 1.43a | 12.30 ± 5.84a | |
After treatment* | 1.72 ± 0.19b | 2.36 ± 0.15b | 2.70 ± 0.11b | 2.96 ± 0.04a | 78.29 ± 10.48a | 41.40 ± 14.90b | 12.94 ± 9.18a | |
As | Control | 1.84 ± 0.42a† | 2.31 ± 0.24ab | 2.61 ± 0.13ab | 2.90 ± 0.11b | 67.93 ± 20.33a | 37.39 ± 21.06a | 24.27 ± 16.56a |
0.05 | 1.84 ± 0.41a | 2.38 ± 0.21a | 2.63 ± 0.22ab | 2.94 ± 0.10ab | 74.16 ± 16.30a | 45.86 ± 16.54a | 28.18 ± 24.89a | |
0.2 | 1.68 ± 0.37a | 2.37 ± 0.20a | 2.66 ± 0.30a | 3.00 ± 0.00a | 79.57 ± 15.41a | 45.42 ± 18.35a | 19.76 ± 19.29a | |
0.8 | 1.79 ± 0.21a | 2.09 ± 0.10b | 2.36 ± 0.04b | 2.99 ± 0.02ab | 66.49 ± 11.11a | 14.23 ± 14.98b | 27.81 ± 14.96a | |
3.2 | 1.75 ± 0.20a | 2.15 ± 0.08ab | 2.56 ± 0.24ab | 2.99 ± 0.01ab | 71.11 ± 15.11a | 23.73 ± 9.81b | 26.27 ± 20.13a | |
Cd | Control | 1.61 ± 0.32a | 2.57 ± 0.09a | 2.83 ± 0.07a | 3.00 ± 0.01a | 88.57 ± 7.12a | 61.21 ± 6.35a | 4.27 ± 2.68a |
0.005 | 1.74 ± 0.25a | 2.38 ± 0.36a | 2.78 ± 0.25ab | 2.98 ± 0.04a | 76.34 ± 17.89a | 39.75 ± 33.91a | 9.04 ± 8.81a | |
0.02 | 1.74 ± 0.42a | 2.42 ± 0.25a | 2.87 ± 0.22a | 3.00 ± 0.01a | 81.65 ± 12.88a | 48.73 ± 14.60a | 14.61 ± 13.71a | |
0.08 | 1.72 ± 0.38a | 2.33 ± 0.24a | 2.54 ± 0.14b | 2.90 ± 0.14a | 81.06 ± 10.02a | 40.49 ± 26.38a | 15.13 ± 11.54a | |
0.32 | 1.77 ± 0.19a | 2.52 ± 0.39a | 2.75 ± 0.22ab | 2.96 ± 0.06a | 81.66 ± 10.22a | 53.14 ± 23.54a | 9.54 ± 5.07a | |
Cu | Control | 1.52 ± 0.43a | 2.22 ± 0.28a | 2.59 ± 0.16a | 2.98 ± 0.05a | 85.96 ± 12.85a | 25.36 ± 28.47a | 6.82 ± 7.32a |
0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.33a | 2.06 ± 0.08a | 2.47 ± 0.24a | 2.96 ± 0.05a | 87.46 ± 15.55a | 10.52 ± 12.67a | 9.61 ± 16.10a | |
0.2 | 1.72 ± 0.14a | 2.10 ± 0.22a | 2.45 ± 0.21a | 2.98 ± 0.0.05a | 70.45 ± 8.34a | 11.55 ± 25.83a | 8.73 ± 4.43a | |
0.8 | 1.67 ± 0.39a | 2.30 ± 0.38a | 2.64 ± 0.25a | 2.98 ± 0.02a | 81.20 ± 9.58a | 31.85 ± 26.50a | 10.15 ± 6.92a | |
3.2 | 1.61 ± 0.18a | 2.12 ± 0.11a | 2.49 ± 0.15a | 2.99 ± 0.03a | 73.97 ± 20.90a | 18.15 ± 16.98a | 9.39 ± 6.91a | |
Pb | Control | 1.91 ± 0.37a | 2.35 ± 0.26ab | 2.76 ± 0.16a | 2.98 ± 0.03a | 70.71 ± 15.87a | 41.67 ± 26.96ab | 16.39 ± 16.76a |
0.05 | 1.93 ± 0.53a | 2.73 ± 0.27a | 2.87 ± 0.13a | 2.97 ± 0.07a | 77.45 ± 20.14a | 67.22 ± 14.26a | 8.62 ± 8.16a | |
0.2 | 1.91 ± 0.29a | 2.65 ± 0.51ab | 2.81 ± 0.19a | 2.97 ± 0.03a | 82.47 ± 5.88a | 56.84 ± 27.54ab | 4.45 ± 2.70a | |
0.8 | 1.76 ± 0.11a | 2.25 ± 0.39b | 2.81 ± 0.17a | 2.98 ± 0.05a | 71.66 ± 12.12a | 24.80 ± 30.47b | 6.65 ± 8.35a | |
3.2 | 1.73 ± 0.15a | 2.19 ± 0.05b | 2.64 ± 0.20a | 2.99 ± 0.01a | 75.52 ± 7.87a | 29.20 ± 5.65b | 16.66 ± 8.42a |
Ecological indices‡ | Concentrations of heavy metals in soil | ||||
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As | Cd | Cu | Pb | ||
Richness | TNe | 0.342 | 0.164 | 0.181 | −0.177 |
Fu | 0.761† | 0.284 | −0.050 | 0.342 | |
Ba | 0.258 | 0.401 | −0.372 | −0.449 | |
OP | 0.348 | −0.133 | −0.813† | −0.201 | |
PP | 0.514 | −0.322 | 0.576 | −0.498 | |
cp-1§ | 0.256 | NA | 0.255 | NA | |
cp-2 | −0.072 | 0.500 | 0.571 | 0.395 | |
cp-3 | 0.874* | −0.058 | 0.790† | −0.756† | |
cp-4 | −0.331 | −0.099 | −0.069 | −0.183 | |
cp-5 | 0.475 | 0.106 | −0.763† | −0.135 | |
Abundance | TNe | 0.185 | −0.354 | 0.202 | −0.448 |
Fu | 0.747† | 0.035 | 0.093 | 0.733† | |
Ba | −0.877* | 0.351 | −0.563 | −0.660 | |
OP | −0.643 | 0.574 | −0.735† | −0.472 | |
PP | 0.276 | −0.351 | 0.366 | −0.516 | |
cp-1 | −0.389 | −0.330 | 0.153 | −0.194 | |
cp-2 | 0.922* | 0.238 | 0.235 | 0.707† | |
cp-3 | 0.284 | −0.350 | 0.375 | −0.523 | |
cp-4 | −0.393 | 0.372 | −0.208 | −0.355 | |
cp-5 | −0.695† | 0.409 | −0.647 | −0.498 | |
Maturity indices | MI | −0.548 | 0.816* | 0.056 | −0.921* |
MI25 | −0.738† | 0.123 | −0.341 | −0.589 | |
∑MI25 | 0.426 | −0.390 | NA | NA | |
PPI | 0.536 | −0.005 | NA | NA | |
EI | −0.188 | −0.050 | −0.388 | −0.120 | |
SI | −0.571 | 0.153 | −0.294 | −0.575 | |
CI | 0.274 | 0.022 | 0.835* | 0.625 |
TNe, total nematodes; Fu, fungivorous; Ba, bacterivorous nematodes; OP, omnivorous and predatory nematodes; PP, plant-parasitic nematodes; cp, colonizer-persister; NA, not available.